Theory Of Personality Development Essay Example for Free

Theory Of Personality Development Essay Introduction Personality development according to famous theorist Monique Laberge is the development of the organized pattern of behavior and attitudes that make a person distinctive. It includes the development of beliefs, moods an behavior that differentiate among the people. These unique attributes may result from a person’s unique experiences or because of his experiences shared with others. The combined effect of heredity and environment causes these attributes (Sturt Mary, 1999). Identical twins brought up together are more likely to show similar patterns of behavior than the identical twins reared apart. (Environment) However even twins reared apart are more similar than siblings who are not twins. (Heredity) Early Work by Sigmund Freud The best known theory of personality development developed from the works of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that personality has three basic components:- the id, the ego and the super-ego. Libido is the fundamental energy that provides the psychic energy for the achievements of goals. According to Freud sex and aggression are the only two drives and everything we do is motivated by one of them (Sturt Mary, 1999). Sex, also called Eros or life force drives people to live , prosper and produce offspring Aggression, also called Thantos or death force, stresses on the need to stay alive and to stave off threats to our existence. Id is the devil on your shoulder. Super-ego is the angel on your shoulder Ego has to maintain a healthy balance between the two which it does with the help of defense mechanisms namely: denial, displacement, Intellectualization, projection, rationalization , reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation and suppression. Freud proposed that development of personality advanced through psycho-sexual   stages.:- the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the period of latency and genital stage The genital stage is reached through the onset of adolescence. This is the final stage of development. Libidinal energies are re-aroused and the individual attempts to achieve adult sexuality. But if there have been difficulties in the earlier stages, the giving and receiving of adult love may be difficult or impossible to achieve (Sturt Mary, 1999). Carl Jung Theory of Personality Development After Freud several other theories were developed by his associates or later psychologists. They are often referred to as Neo-Freudian theorists and prominent among them are Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Eric Eriksson. Carl Jung differed with Freud in many aspects. Jung gave more importance to current events rather than to childhood experiences. In his opinion social motives are far more important than sexual drives. His Analytic Theory also emphasized on spiritual needs and thoughts of future. Jung also differed with Freud in the conception of the Unconscious(Sturt Mary, 1999). Carl Jung focused on understanding the psyche of an individual through the dreams, mythology, religion, arts and philosophy. Carl Jung is credited to be the pioneer of four psychological concepts in personality development, which are widely taught in universities today(Sturt Mary, 1999). The Archetype The collective Unconscious The Complex Individuation The Archetype The hero archetype was first described by Carl Jung and it straight away originated from his understanding of various cultures. According to Jung each culture have heroes – those who have extra-ordinary powers to do extraordinary tasks(Sturt Mary, 1999). He further elucidated on it by explaining an individuals’ urge to be larger than life and he finds rest in those heroes archetype. It is no surprises that after these revelation, ‘Super Man’ one of the biggest comic of all time published. The comic took clue from Jung study and captivated the hearts and minds of people from all cultures. The Collective Unconscious The collective unconscious is one of the first things which led the differences between Freud and Jung. Unlike Freud, Jung believed that unconscious is more complex than just sexual motivations and aggression(Sturt Mary, 1999). As per Jung there are fears, anxieties etc which are common across cultures and they hugely influence the making of a personality. The Complex The complex self is best defined by Jung as the suppressed or repressed aspect of an individual’s conscious self. He categorized them into Constructive and Destructive types(Sturt Mary, 1999) – Constructive – It represents hidden positive affect or influence on an individual. Destructive – It represents the side an individual doesn’t want to recognize in himself. Individuation Jung explained Individuation as a process of growth and maturation which comes in an individual during the course of life. It is the process where he can detach from the inner self and find meaning in life. Process of Personality Development as per Carl Jung According to Jung each individual have an introvert and extrovert side and which side dominates the other influences the personality of an individual. As per Jung the conscious side helps an individual to adapt and orient while the unconscious self help in reacting or behaving in the particular manner. Jung categorized the behavior into four categories – sensation, thinking, feeling and intuition(Sturt Mary, 1999). He further defined that feeling and thinking is rational and comes with conscious side while intuition and sensation are irrational and originates from the unconscious. Bibliography STURT, MARY; OAKDEN, E C (1999) Modern Psychology and Education : A Text-Book of Psychology for Students in Training Colleges and Adult Evening Classes. Published by Routlege ISBN: 0-415-21009-7

Health and Diet Essay -- essays research papers

Health and Diet Abstract: With my personal life experience I'd like to clarify that a healthy diet and physical exercises help to lose weight. This passage introduces some scientific means to keep fit and, from both sides, indicates the effection that it may have brought along. Another point is that one should choose an appropriate way according to his personal case. Frustration and troubles are often met, but how to deal with them depend on ourselves. What is cricial is about persistence, optimism and rationalism.  ¢Ãƒ ±.Introduction £Ã‚ ºKeeping-fit is sweeping us while some irrational ideas, rather than appropriate ways to lose fat are penetrating into our life. Most people don't employ scientific ways so that body was badly damaged, even never repaired automatically. We recommend appropriate ways which not only perform the function of losing weight, also continue to help to establish personal confidence. One could enjoy the whole process rather than sense some burden. This passage wants to tell us the importance of scientific means to keep fit and take some focus on emotional change when dieting.  ¢Ãƒ ².Body: Keeping fit, at any present time, may fill up your mind. Dieting and sports have come by, playing the theme of the life. Now our focus is on which way to be the best way for you to keep fit. In my grade 3 of senior high school, I weighed 80 KG. I had been embarrassed to be of that kind of figure, when looking at myself, let alone when accepting others ¡Ã‚ ¯ unusual sight and ...

Language Essay

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Communicative Language Teaching The Advantages and Disadvantages of Communicative Language Teaching By HAH Introduction The focus of this essay is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). In doing so, it is important to first clarify the meaning of CLT and it’s place in the ongoing history of language teaching methodology. CLT is generally accepted as the most recognized, contemporary approach to language teaching. CLT is considered an approach, rather than a teaching method, and can seem non-specific at times in terms of how to actually go about using practices in the classroom in any sort of systematic way. The real problem when attempting to define CLT is that there are many interpretations of what CLT actually means and involves. It means different things to different people. Or perhaps it is like an extended family of different approaches, and.. as in the case with most families, not all members live harmoniously together all of the time. There are squabbles and disagreements, if not outright wars, from time to time. However, no one is willing to assert that they do not belong to the family (Nunan 2004). One of the things that CLT embraces within its family is the concept of how language is used. Instead of concentrating solely on grammar, CLT focuses strongly on communicative competence. Learners are encouraged to apply various language forms in various contexts and situations such as making hotel reservation, purchasing airline tickets, ordering at a restaurant, booking tickets to a show, asking for directions etc. It is this constant exposure to language in realistic situations, which is thought to aid language acquisition. Learners are given a clear reason for communicating in the form of role-plays and simulations. Accuracy of the language is seen to be of less importance than fluency and communicating successfully. Brown (2007) offers the following seven interconnected characteristics as a description of†¦

Comma Splices Error or Eloquence

In traditional grammar, the term comma splice refers to two independent clauses separated by a comma instead of a period or semicolon. Comma splices, also known as comma faults, are often regarded as errors, especially if theyre likely to confuse or distract readers. However, comma splices may be used deliberately to emphasize the relationship between two short parallel clauses or to create a rhetorical effect of speed, excitement, or informality, though the result is almost always a run-on sentence. The easiest way to fix this type of error is to substitute a period or semicolon for the comma, though a process of coordination and subordination may also be used to make the sentence grammatically correct. Getting Away with Errors One of the most important rules English writers learn early on in studying grammar is that a writer must understand the rules of usage in order to break them effectively — thats the beauty of the English language: versatility. Even the popular style guidebook The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White say that a comma splice is preferable [to a semicolon] when the clauses are very short and alike in form, or when the  tone  of the sentence is easy and conversational. Built-in spelling and grammar checking services on popular word editing software like Microsoft Word even misses some comma splices because of the versatility of the commas usage and the frequency and eloquence of effective comma splice use in literature and professional writing. In advertising and journalism, a comma splice can be used for dramatic or stylistic effect or to emphasize a contrast between different ideas. Ann Raimes and Susan K. Miller-Cochran describe this usage choice in Keys for Writers, wherein they advise writers to take this stylistic risk only if you are sure of the effect you want to achieve. Correcting Comma Splices The most difficult part of correcting comma splices is actually identifying the error in the first place, wherein the writer must determine if the clauses can stand alone or if they belong together. Fortunately, once the writer determines a comma splice has been made in error, there are five common ways to fix the mistake. Edward P. Bailey and Philip A. Powell use the incorrectly spliced sentence we hiked for three days, we were very tired to illustrate the five common ways of fixing splices in The Practical Writer. The first method they offer is to change the comma to a period and capitalize the next word and the second is to change the comma to a semicolon. From there, it gets a bit more complicated. Bailey and Powell offer that a writer can also change the comma to a semicolon and add a conjunctive adverb like hence so that the newly corrected sentence will read we hiked for three days; hence, we were very tired. On the other hand, a writer could also leave the comma in place but add a coordinating conjunction like so before the second independent clause. Finally, the writer can change one of the independent clauses to an independent clause by adding a prepositional phrase like because, making the corrected sentence read Because we hiked for three days, we were very tired. In any of these cases, the writer is able to clarify their meaning and ease the audiences comprehension of the text. Sometimes, especially in poetic prose, it is better to leave the splice, though—it makes for more dynamic writing.